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CALCULATING NETWORK ADDRESS OF AN IP ADDRESS: In this Post I will share you a trick to find out, What is the network address of a IP address. In CCNA or JNCIA Exams we get questions like: what is network address of 172.16.12.100/29? what is network address of 192.168.100.100/26? If it's a class-full subnet (/8, /16, /24) we can find it out easily but in case of a subnetted IP address we required some more time to identify the Sub network IP address. Below is a simple 3 steps formula that gives you accurate Sub-network IP address of any given IP: Step-1: Find out how many hosts we get in that subnet:   (Including Network address and Broadcast address) Like, in  192.168.1.0/24 we get 255 Hosts. 192.168.1.0/29  we get 8 Hosts. 192.168.1.0/30  we get 4 Hosts. Below is the chart that explains how many hosts per bit we get: The above Pic represents the 8 Bits in an octet, And no. of hosts per each bit. So, Clearly if we ...

                What is DHCP and DNS ?? DHCP: Dynamic Host Control Protocol It's a protocol used to assign IP addresses dynamically instead of assigning static ip's to each. The process involves a process called DORA process. D - Discover O - Offer R - Request A - Acknowledgement D - Discover: Host (PC, printer, laptop, Access systems..etc, IOT) sends a UDP broadcast to the server. Packet from Host --> server O - Offer: The server offers a Unique IP address to the host in response to the Broadcast. Packet from server --> Host R - Request: The host requests for the IP address offered by the server. Packet from Host --> server A - Acknowledgement: The server sends a acknowledgement packet along with details of IP address, Subnet mask, gateway, Dns server1 and Dns server 2. Packet from Server --> Host DNS: Domain Name Server. As we humans are uniquely identified by our names, Every web...